Faulkner joins the Australian squad for the first two ODIs against the Windies in Perth on Friday and Sunday.
The in-form Henriques has been sidelined for the two matches after undergoing minor surgery on his ongoing finger injury.
National Selector John Inverarity said Faulkner will first play for the Prime Minister's XI against the Windies on Tuesday in Canberra, before joining the Australian squad in Perth.
Faulkner has been part of Australia's ODI and T20I squads already this summer, but hasn't added to the solitary international T20 cap he collected last year.